雅思作文:好的句式成就写作高分
一篇优秀的雅思文章,除了要有充实的内容和紧密的组织结构之外,句子的凝练和词汇的使用也起很大作用。句子可长可短,一个句子,可以用不同的句式表达,如果句子全是简单句,文章会显得单调乏味;如果全篇充满了复杂句,读起来很费力。
最好的方法是以简单句为基础,配合适当的并列句和复杂句。那么如何润色句子、锤炼句子从而在雅思写作考试中取得高分呢?海外考试研究中心的专家经过研究发现,有以下几种写好句子的方法供大家参考:
一、合并简单句:
长句都是由短句合并而来,所以我们首先需要对简单的短句进行分析,然后再选择合适的语法手段将之合并。
例如:原句:Verrazano was an Italian. Little is known about him. He sailed into NewYork Harbor in 1524 and named it Angouleme.
改动后:Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbor in 1524 and named it Angouleme.
通过分析不难发现,这三个短句所讨论的都是同一主体。这时候就可以使用各种可以做后置修饰或补充说明的语法手段将三个短句有机的结合起来。这些语法手段中包括了:分词作后置定语,不定式做后置定语,同位语等等。所以根据上面的例句进行简单总结,并将之抽象化,我们可以找到以人作主语的一种不错的长句句型模板:
主语 + 【同位语 + 定语从句】 + 谓语 + (其他:宾语/表语/状语等)
其中:
①主语:人物名字
②同位语:名词或名词性的短语,表示人物的国籍、性别、职业、特长等信息
③定语从句:详细阐述一个人每一方面的特征
④剩余主句部分:该人物跟本文主题最相关的一个特征
用上面的方法可以把下面这个句子整合为一个不错的长句。
例如:原句:The heronie was a dear old lady. She had always been so kind to everybody. She had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
改动后:The heronie, a dear old lady, who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
该用法最终甚至还可以从介绍人物这样一个范围推广到介绍任何一个具体的事物,比如如果要写得是recreational activities, 不管具体内容如何,最开始我们都需要介绍主题:recreational activities. 这时也可以使用和介绍人物同样的模板:
原句:Recreational activities are things that we do to occupy our spare time. Recreational activities include various different forms. Recreational activities are considered to be both beneficial and vain.
改动后:Recreational activities, things that we do to occupy our spare time, which include various different forms are considered to be both beneficial and vain.
跟前面几组例子一样,短句的堆砌显得冗长,而经过改动后的例句会更加的紧凑,丰满,句子内部成分长短结合,错落有致。
二、添加后置定语或定语从句:
在名词后添加后置定语或定语从句也能将句子变成长句,而定语从句也可以用不同的写作方式,其中非限定性定语从句更是写作中扩句的好方法,它可以将两个简单句轻松转成逻辑清晰的从句形式。当前一句意思不够明确时,可以选择解释说明法来深入阐述,用非限制性定语从句进行扩展。
例如:雅思作文中的题目男女分校的优点和缺点:The advantage of single-sex institutions is that they tend to create a competitive atmosphere for students.男女分校的一个好处是,它们往往可以为学生创造一种竞争的氛围。
如果将这个句子用非限制性定语从句扩充The advantage of single-sex institutions is that they tend to create a competitive atmosphere for students, who are of the same sex and who can concentrate on their studies instead of indulging in none academic matters, such as calf love. 男女分校的另一个好处是,它们往往可以为学生创造一种竞争的氛围:同性别的学生能够全神贯注地从事学业,而不是沉溺于与学习无关的事情,比如早恋。
这样一经深入阐述,表达就更加全面,逻辑也更加清晰。
三、添加形式主语从句:
形式主语从句是写长句方法中非常常用的一种句型。如果主语过长,我们用it来代替原来的主语,而把原来的主语放在句子的后面。
在写雅思作文大学生是否应该找一份兼职工作时,很多同学想写这句话:大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪的工作是不可能的。看到这样的汉语句子,一般我们的反应是要用It is impossible for sb. to do sth.. 这样的句型,然后想着往里填词:在sb. 的位置填上“刚刚毕业的大学生”,在不定式的位置填上“找到高薪的工作”,如:
It is impossible for刚刚毕业的大学生to找到高薪的工作。那么“刚刚毕业的大学生”怎么写?英语里面好像找不到一个表示“刚刚毕业的”形容词放在大学生前面,所以就要用定语从句,写成college students who have just graduated, 如果graduated不会写,先写成left; 然后怎么写“高薪的”,英语里面也没有这样一个形容词放在jobs的前面,所以用定语从句,写成to find jobs which can give them a lot of money。
这样这个句子将写成:It is impossible for college students who have just graduated to find jobs which can give them a lot of money. 这样将两个定语从句放在这个句型里面,实在是太容易犯错了。
实际上,刚刚毕业的大学生可以写成:newly-graduated students, 而高薪的工作可以写成well-paying jobs, 将这两个短语放进去,成为:It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs, 与上面的定语从句相比会获得更高的分数。这个就要多加练习,熟能生巧了,相信这样的简单句子组合起来会是一个完美的复杂句。
我们再换一种思路,想得简单点,把上面一句话拆分成为四句:
①每年,都有很多大学生毕业。
②他们都想找到工作。
③这些工作可以给他们很多钱。
④这是不可能的。
我相信这样的句子大部分考生很快就可以写出来:
①Every year, many college students graduate.
②They all want to find jobs.
③These jobs can give them a lot of money.
④This is impossible.
第一句话属于五种简单句中的主谓句,第二句是主谓宾,第三句是主谓间宾直宾,第四句是主系表。
下面我们看看能不能润色一下:第一句话我们将熟悉的many改为heaps and heaps of (一批一批的),这是换词;然后from universities; 又想到还有独立的学院,再加上and institutes。第一句话变成:Every year, heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes.
第二句和第三句可以用定语从句连接起来,因为第三句的主语是第二句最后jobs的重复,所以②+③成为:They all want to find jobs, which can give them a lot of money. 再润色,我们发现give可以改为offer, a lot of money可以改为handsome salaries。利用学过的语法知识我们可以让这个句子更加复杂,给定语从句中加一个插入语:they hope, 放在which后面,这样这句话就成为:They all want to find jobs, which they hope can offer them handsome salaries.
第四句话也可以和前两句连在一起,这次不采用主从复合句,而采用并列句,因为意思发生转折,故用but连接,而impossible太绝对了,改为hardly possible, 于是成为:They all want to find jobs, which they hope can offer them handsome salaries, but this is hardly possible.
所以最初的那句话,经过拆解、加工(换词和连句)形成了下面的一组句子:Every year, heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes. They all want to find jobs,which they hope can offer them handsome salaries, but this is hardly possible.
再例如:It is difficult for high school students to adopt a completely objective attitude towards their teachers when they are required to perform an evaluation task.
用it作形式主语的结构主要用于下列句型:
1. It is+名词+从句:这样的名词有a fact, a surprise, an honor, a pity, common knowledge等。例如:
It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather. 皓月兆天晴,这是常识。
2. It is+形容词+从句:这样的形容词有natural, true, strange, necessary, important, obvious, certain, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, probable等。例如:
It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗,这是一定的。
3. It+动词+从句:这样的动词有seem, happen, appear, look, matter, make, strike, occur等。
It appeared that he had a taste for music. 看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力。
4. It + be + 分词+从句:这样的分词有said, reported, believed, known, decided, proved, thought, expected, announced, arranged, amusing, puzzling, striking等。
It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk. 桌上的空盒子里竟然跑出来一只兔子,太有趣了。
需要说明的是,大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以用it充当形式主语。